• Meiosis and Mitosis
  • Haploid Cell
  • Diploid Cell
  • Mitosis
  • Meiosis
• Cells
  • Cellular Structures
  • Cellular Respiration
  • Enzymes
• Binomial Nomenclature
• Ecosystems
  • r/K Selection
• Insects
• Plants
  • Tissue
  • Behavior
• Prefixes
• History
• Human Body
  • Reproduction
    • Embryo
  • Diseases

Meiosis and Mitosis

centromere - attachment point for chromosome chromosome - has one centromere, might consist of 1 chromatid or 2 sister chromatids chromatid - hunk of DNA, might be a chromosome, or a sister chromatid chromatin - unravelled DNA

Haploid Cell

• contains 1 set of all chromosomes (2 chromatids)
• sex cells

Diploid Cell

• contains 2 sets of all chromosomes (2 chromatids each)
• all other cells

Mitosis

• occurs in all organisms
• produces 2 haploids
• does not create genetic variation

Meiosis

• occurs in the sex cells of certain organisms
• produces 4 gametes (1 set of chromatids)
• helps with genetic variation

Interphase

• cell is diploid (:w

Meiosis I

• prophase - chromosomes pair up
• metaphase - chromosomes recombine
• anaphase - chromosomes pulled apart (ana- - back)
• telophase - cells split (telo- - end)

Cells

isotonic - same water concentration in and outside anabolism - builds molecules by consuming energy catabolism - process of breaking down molecules for energy krebs cycle/citric acid cycle - cycle where organisms breakdown carbs/fats/etc for energy

Cellular Structures

ribosomes - produce protein mitochondria - create ATP during cellular respiration lysosome - handle waste in a cell endocytic vesicles - the cell wall "eats" a particle centriole - where microtubules attach during reproduction

Cellular Respiration

Enzymes

• help catalyze reactions

Binomial Nomenclature

genus species

• kingdom > phylum > class > order > family > genus > species
• king phillip came over from great spain

*arthropoda* - insects, bees aves - birds annelid - segmented worms nematoda - round worms porifera - sponge cnidaria - jellyfish sporophyte - fern prothallus - also a fern bryphytes - mosses, no xylem, phloem

Ecosystems

differential reproduction - the fittest organisms will survive long enough to reproduce hardy-weinberg - genotypes stay the same in the absence of environmental factors allopatric speciation - separation of organisms results in separate evolutionary paths

r/K Selection

• r selected - describes organisms with high growth rates, high mortality, fast sexual maturity

• K selected - describes organisms with low growth rates, low mortality, long parental care

• cofactor - complementary molecule that works with an enzyme to catalyze stuff

• catalyst - lowers activation energy for reaction
• endergomic reaction - absorbs energy from environment
• CAM photosynthesis - used by some plants in arid environments to reduce water loss

Insects

spiracles - respiratory organs

Plants

Tissue

phloem - carries nutrients xylem - carries water meristem - allows roots to grow quickly

Behavior

calvin cycle - light independent reactions inside a plant photolysis - process of breaking down molecules by light angiosperm - flowering gymnosperm - seeding phototropism - orient towards light saphrophytic - feeding on dead matter

Prefixes

epi - iso - ecto - meso -

History

pre-cambrian - some soft-bodied organisms, plants cambrian - large emergence of multicellular organisms mesozoic - dinosaurs, ended with mass extinction cenozoic - current era, flowering plants paleozoic

Human Body

cerebrum - speech cerebellum - motor skills forebrain - smell pituitary gland - controls other glands and hormones (master gland) pancreas - makes insulin

collagen - connective tissue (vitamin C helps with its creation) vitamins - organic cofactors

Reproduction

Embryo

germ layers - the various layers in an embryo endoderm layer - gut lining and internals mesoderm - muscles, skeleton, reproductory ectoderm - skin

Diseases

• hemophilia
• color blindness